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Loratidine is a piperidine derivative resemble to azatadine long acting non sedating commonly used for the treatment of allergic condition like watery or itchy eyes, runny nose, chronic urticaria or throat itching. In the present study different brands of loratidine were evaluated for the weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution. Dissolution release study performed by using paddle method [USP 2] in 900 ml of 0.1N HCl at 50 rpm. The physicochemical of loratidine did not give any variation. By this study we conclude that all parameter for physicochemical properties like weight variation, hardness of tablets, friability, their disintegration time and the dissolution release study for all the brands of loratidine that are available in Karachi meet the British pharmacopoeia [BP] and United State pharmacopoeia [USP] specification for quality control analysis.Weight variation, hardness and friability value requirement was complied by all brands .Disintegration time for all brands was less than 15 minutes complying the BP/USP recommendation. All brands showed more than 80 % drug release within 45 minutes. The present findings suggest that almost all the brands of loratidine meet the BP/USP specification for QC analysis
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The highly oriented modern detection techniques provide a precise and definite tool for investigation in natural medicines. Current study directed the standardization of eminent biomarker Vasicine in a natural cough syrup. A highly accurate and precise method of High-performance thin layer chromatography [HPTLC] has been developed to certify the quantity of vasicine inside the syrup. Ethyl acetate, chloroform, ethanol and ammonia [6:3:1: 1 v/v] were mobile phase for the study. The TLC plate silica gel G60F254 was used with CAMAG Scanner III and CAMAG Linomate 5. The detected Rf value was 0.51 in both sample and reference standard at 254 nm. International conference of Harmonization [ICH] guidelines were followed for the validation of the developed method. Linearity was achieved in the range of 200microg to 1600microg with co-efficient correlation r2=0.9995. Accuracy was found in between 98.9 to 101.4% however precision was good at both inter and intra-day. As per the standardization of ICH, the developed method was found to be reproducible and showed sharp similar peak with high resolution
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The aim of study is to establish pharmaceutical equivalence of different brands of Metformin tablets available in Karachi, Pakistan. The quality control parameters which are studied are weight variation test, hardness test, thickness, friability, disintegration and dissolution specified by BP/USP [British and United State Pharmacopoeia]. Weight variation and hardness value requirement was complied by all brands. Disintegration time for all brands was within range i.e. 15 minutes and also complies with the BP/USP recommendation. All brands showed more than 90% drug release within forty five minutes. The present conclusion suggests that almost all the brands of Metformin that are available in Karachi meet the specification for quality control analysis. Assay performed by HPLC by keeping flow rate of 1.0 ml/min of the mobile phase and the quantitative evaluation at 225 nm was performed. The retention time of Metformin was found to be 2.5min. Method suitability for the quantitative determination of the drugs was proved by validation according to the International Conference on Harmonization [ICH] guidelines
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Sensitive, simple, reliable and rapid HPLC technique for the estimation of simvastatin [SMV] and cetirizine has been designed in this study. The chromatographic conditions were set using Shimadzu LC-10 AT VP pump, with UV detector [SPD-10 AV-VP]. System integration was performed with CBM-102 [Bus Module]. Partitioning of components was attained with pre-packed C-18 column of Purospher Star [5 microm, 250 x 4.6 mm] at ambient conditions. Injected volume of sample was 10 microl. Mobile phase was composed of 50:50 v/v ratio of Acetonitrile/water [pH 3.0 adjusted with ortho-phosphoric acid] having 2 ml/minutes rate of flow. Compounds were detected in UV region at 225 nm. Percent Recovery of simvastatin was observed in the range of 98-102%. All results were found in accept table range of specification. The projected method is consistent, specific, precise, and rapid, that can be employed to quantitate the SMV along with cetirizine HCl. It was estimated by 3 successive cycles of freeze and thaw stability. Results of FT samples were found within accept table limits the method was developed and validated in raw materials, bulk formulations and final drug products
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The contemporary work describes a rapid and cost effective reversed phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography [RP-HPLC] method for the quantification of Captopril, Lisinopril and Dexibuprofen [DXP] simultaneously in dosage formulations, active pharmaceutical ingredients and human serum. The chromatographic system included LC-20A pump, Sil-20A auto sampler and SPD-20A UV/visible detector. The estimation was carried out by using a C[18] [5micro m, 250 ×4.6 mm] column with mobile phase methanol: water [80:20 v/v, pH 3.0] at 230 nm with a flow rate of 1.0 ml·min[-1]. The retention time of Dexibuprofen was 5.4 min while that of Captopril and Lisinopril were found to be 3.2 and 1.8 minutes respectively. There was no considerable variation exists in between the tested drug spiked in serum and the extent recovered, without interference of serum in concurrent approximation. The method developed was found to be precise, selective and validated for precision, linearity, specificity, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. There is no such method reported earlier for the determination of ACE Inhibitors and DXP simultaneously. The present study helps in assessing the co-administration of both drugs in treatment and can be employed for quality control analysis and drug-drug interaction studies
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The aim of the study is to determine the efficacy of polyherbal linkus with the other pharmaceutical marketed syrup having Acefyllin Piperazine, Diphenhydramine group and Aminophylline Diphenhydramine group on the basis of interquartile ranges on children. It was open label multi centric randomize control trial. The study was conducted on different private schools of East and West Malir, Karachi Pakistan with the special approval from the school's honors. Informed consent and assents were taking before the enrollment of the study subjects. The study enrolled participants were 147 who evaluate on cough. Participants were divided into 3 interventional group according to the treatment regimen. One group of participant received Linkus Syrup however the 2[nd] group received Acefyllin Piperazine and 3[rd] group received Aminophylline Diphenhydramine group. The frequency of the cough on linkus syrup was considered to be achieved on the basis of interquartile relationship and impact has been observed on child and parent sleep and found significant [p <0.01].Poly herbal Linkus Syrup has the significant impact on cough frequency and associated problem on children and parent's sleep with minimum side effects [p<0.01] however the pharmacological treatments are considered to be more unwanted effects on human subjects
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This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Unani Ajmal06, an herbal formulation for management of chronic renal failure [CRF]. The therapeutic evaluations of three different formulations such as Itrifal Kashneezi, Jawarsih Zarooni Sada medicines were conducted on number 35 CRF patients clinically diagnosed cases of chronic kidney failure. It was found that herbal coded Ajmal06 was effective for the treatment of CRF in 70% of the patients treated. SPSS tests on sign and symptoms indicated the efficacy of Ajmal06 in lowering serum creatinine level in 70% of patients of chronic renal failure. In clinical response of BUN exhibited 75% of patients improved where as in case of fatigue [70%], edema [90%], leg pain [76%] improved these types of conditions with significant p value
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ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to assess the pharmacy students and graduate knowledge and awareness about pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reporting [ADR] system in Karachi, Pakistan
Objectives: This study was designed to identify the trends, perception and approaches of pharmacy students and graduate towards current scenarios of pharmacovigilance and ADR contextual to our setting. Study Design: It was cross sectional, qualitative study. Setting: Pharmacy final year students and fresh graduates of two public and two private sector universities were included in the study. Period: Data was collected between January to August, 2015
Method: Relevant information was collected using questionnaire with 18 open ended and 7 close ended questions. 400 final year participants and 150 fresh graduates were incorporated in this survey. SPSS 20.0 was used to analyze the results and Percent, frequencies and mean scores were calculated for various outcomes
Results: Response rate of final year students and fresh graduates was found [97%, n = 388] and [88%, n= 132] respectively. Students level of awareness about pharmacovigilance was found [54%, n =216] in final year students while little higher rates were observed [78%, n=110] in graduates. Concept of pharmacovigilance gained through pharmacy curriculum was calculated 45% rated by final year students. The pharmacovigilance knowledge mean score was found to be 2.368.5 and 2.886.3 for final year students and fresh graduates respectively. 58% total respondents were aware with relationship between the drug and the ADR
Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that pharmacy students of final year in public and private sector universities of Pakistan are aware with some basic knowledge of ADRs and pharmacovigilance, but it is a need of time to incorporate more contents of such aspects in curriculum with some practical exposure that how to report ADRs
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems , Awareness , Students, Pharmacy , Perception , Surveys and Questionnaires , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Linkus, Aminophylline with Diphenhydramine group and Acefyllin Piperazine with Diphenhydramine cough syrup on children having cough and sleep difficulty associated with cough. To determine the effects of Linkus polyherbal syrup [group A] and compared with other parallel allopathic groups [Group B and C] for cough on children and associated sleep quality and improvement. 360 children having cough inducted in 3 different groups randomly selected. Three parallel groups were the part of the study. The first study group was the herbal syrup Linkus, second group of children were taking a syrup of multinational pharmaceutical industry having Aminophylline plus Diphenhydramine however the third group received another famous brand having Acefyllin Piperazine with Diphenhydramine. Informed assent and informed consent have taken from the study subjects and their parents. Subjects with acute cough were included in the study however the subjects with chronic cough considered to be excluded. Every group of individual in the study was informed about the investigational drugs provided. Ethnic groups, frequency of cough and diseases illness [<0.05] were determine on every group on the investigational syrup. Cough impact on child and its sleep of three different syrups [every group] were assessed on dayl and day 14[p<0.001] via a likert scale. For the evaluation of pain assessment Wong baker face scale were used and level of significance in each group [p<0.001]. Significant results were observed in the Linkus Group as compared to the other parallel groups including Aminophylline plus Diphenhydramine and Acefyllin Piperazine with Diphenhydramine on day 14 [p<0.001]. Side effects on group B and group C [Aminophylline with Diphenhydramine and Acefyllin Piperazine with Diphenhydramine] were almost similar in number however Linkus syrup has minimum side effects on study duration. Polyherbal syrup Linkus shows better results in treatment of cough including side effects as compare to the other parallel groups B and C [Aminophylline with Diphenhydramine and Acefyllin Piperazine with Diphenhydramine]. For nocturnal sleep Linkus providing better results in cough and associated problems. Pain were significantly reduce on day 14 with the herbal Linkus syrup group A [<0.001]. Group B and C found less effective with more side effects as compared to Linkus syrup. Poly herbal Linkus syrup could substantially improve the clinical effect and relieves coughs and benefit lung functions and better sleep facilitation
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To estimate the effects of using hormonal contraceptives on serum lipoprotein levels. Lipid profile was measured at baseline and afterward at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. 1391 Pakistani females taking COCs, DMPA, or non hormonal [NH] contraceptives. The results were calculated by repeated measure ANOVA subsequent to tukey's post hoc test for the multiple comparisons. Statistical examination revealed that differences in lipid profile were significant [p <0.001] among all treated group in comparison with control. DMPA also caused significant rise in Castelli index-I and Castelli index-II as compared to COCs group and control group. This study demonstrated raise in total cholesterol [TC] and triglycerides [TG] as well as very low density lipoprotein [VLDL-C] and low density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDLC]. Whereas, an obvious decrease was observed in high density-lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] in the DMPA-treated group. We concluded that, this inductive study specifies atherogenic cardiovascular risk in women using DMPA on long term basis
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2D] is a chronic metabolic disease regarded as insulin resistance and progressive failure of ? cells. Beta cells secretagogues are useful to reach satisfactory glycemic control. Glimepiride is a secondgeneration sulfonylurea excites pancreatic beta cells to discharge insulin. Glimepiride may be safer to use in patients with cardiovascular disease due to lack of destructive effects on ischemic preconditioning. It is effective in dropping fasting plasma glucose [FPG], postprandial glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels and is a useful and cost-effective option treatment for the management of T2D. Total 40 patients were selected from OPD setting at RSNPMTS Endocrinology center Ministry of Health Republic of Uzbekistan, and corresponding to criteria for inclusion / exclusion. 10 patients with T2D switched from receiving other forms of Glimepiride [Amaryl] on an identical dose of GlucoNovax in combination with biguanides [Metformin] denoted as group 1. At the same time the dose of biguanides [Metformin] was not altered for the period of the study. 10 patients with T2D switched from receiving other forms of Glimepiride [Amaryl] on an identical dose of GlucoNovax denoted as group 2.10 patients with T2D switched to the drug GlucoNovax from the drug Glibenclamide denoted as group 3. The control group received monotherapy with Amaryl it consist of 10 patients with T2D denoted as group 4. The severity of diabetic complaints in patients receiving the combination drug GlucoNovax with metformin significantly decreased by the end of the observation period and had an inclination to reduction in the 2nd and 3[rd] groups, along with the control group. 30 patients, receiving the drug Gluco Novax, 7 achieved blood glucose level parameters that corresponding to the high effectiveness of the drug [4 of them from 1[st] group [GlucoNovax+ Metformin], 1 in the 2[nd] group, 2 in the 3[rd] group]. 6 patients achieved blood glucose levels parameters, meeting the criteria of moderate effectiveness of the drug [4 of them from 1[st] group, 1 patient in the 2[nd] and 1 patient in the 3[rd] groups]. The given result may be, associated with initially high levels of compensation of carbohydrate metabolism, as well as a more effective influence on combination treatment with Metformin. The drug GlucoNovax appears to be an effective hypoglycemic agent in the treatment of T2D with good tolerability
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The frequency of administration of sedatives and hypnotics has been discussed. The questionnaire filled by female volunteers of different age groups revealed that these drugs were used illegally for sedation purposes and are administered without any prescription. A total number of 100 self reporting questions were distributed to students of different age group. The percentage of self-administrated hypnotics and sedatives were high last year. The drugs often used for common symptoms were seasonal flu followed by fever, pain and discomfort. Antihistamines are usually self-administered at night as sleep aids. The patients' selection criteria of drugs were mostly without any prescriptions. They preferred cheaper, less toxic and more effective drug. Those medicines which were effective in their past experiences or easier to get after the consultation with the pharmacist were preferred. The self medications of these sedatives and hypnotics resulted in adverse effects in almost all the patients. These results were stomach upsets, headaches, and severe dizziness and addiction. The patients changed the drugs after experiencing the adverse effects. Most of the patients found it very relaxing and acceptable practice to take the drugs without any guidance or consultation. However, sedatives and hypnotics are not good for health so they should be prohibited as self medication